sábado, 9 de febrero de 2013

INGLES

 


Unit 1 Global english
We use words to communicate information and intentions, ideas and emotions. And in today’s world, the words that we need are often English words.


The English language contains approximately 5000,000 words. The vast majority is very rare: we almost never use them. The common words of English are very important, however. The first ten words in the frequency list are: the, of, and, on, in, to, is, I, it, and for. In fact, 25% of writing and speaking in English consist of these ten words. We use them every day- again and again.

English take words from many languages: chocolate, potato and tomato come from indigenous American languages, pajamas and shampoo are of Indian origin, boomerang comes from aboriginal Australian word, tea is Chinese and etcetera is Latin. English gives words to many languages too: corner and penalty, compact disc and e-mail, ticket and stop.

It is not necessary to go to the USA or Britain to learn English because English is all around you: in books and newspaper, on television and DVDs, in pop music and on the internet, in the street and in this book. 


Grammar reference:


  1. In the negative, we always place not after the verb, never before.
  2. In short answers, we only repeat the auxiliary do or does, not the main verb. Do you like tea? Yes, I do / no, I don’t
  3. The adverb never is always accompanied by a verb in the affirmative. We never get up early / We don’t not never get up early
  4. We often use object pronouns after prepositions.My grandfather lives whit us / this letter is not for you


Unit 2 Geography



Grammar reference:


1.   We form the present continuous to describe verb to be + the main verb ending in-ing.
I’m studying to pass my exams / I’m having breakfast.
2.   We use the present continuous to describe actions that are taking place while we are talking.
What are you doing? / I’m doing my homework. / Where is your sister? / She’s studying in the library.
3.   We use the present simple for repeated actions that are habitual or routine.
Jon cleans his room every day
4.   We use the present continuous to describe actions that are taking place at the moment of speaking.
Jon is cleaning his room now  
5.   We don’t use the verbs like, hate, know and understand in the present continuous
I like this ice cream / I’m liking this ice cream.  
6.   Interrogative forms, or wh-questions, use the interrogative pronouns who, what, which, whose, when,      where, why and how to form questions. 


Unit 3 Advertising


How many advertisements are there on television every day? How many advertisements do you see every day, not only in television but in the street, in the newspaper, on the internet? Advertising is an important industry.

Lots of writes and artist work in advertising agencies, creating new advertisements. A good advertisement informs and persuades people. It says a lot in a few words: “a dog is for life, not just for Christmas”, “we all adore a kia-ora”, and “good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong” are good examples.
Publicity artist and writers are imaginative, creative and competitive people. They have a good sense of humor and a lot of energy.


Grammar reference:    



Countable nouns are things that you can count. They have singular and plural forms.
A bottle, an apple, an egg / one bottle, two apples.
Uncountable nouns are things that you cannot count. They don’t have a plural form.
Meat, milk, water / one meat, two meats, three waters
With uncountable nouns we use some in the affirmative and any in the negative and interrogative.
There was some fruit in the fridge. / There wasn’t any fish in the bridge. / was there any sugar in the bag?
We use much / many, a lot of / lots of, a little / little, a few / few to answer questions about quantify.



Unit 4 Talents

Graffiti is a form of expression, but it is also a crime.

Using special pens and sprays, graffiti artist paint and write in buildings, in tunnels and shopping malls, on subways trains and buses… sometimes they write messages; often they paint elaborate pictures. About 95% of graffiti artist are boys and young men aged between twelve and twenty-five, and for many of them graffiti is a form of rebellion. Society says, “You can’t do that on public property”; “yes, we can”, they reply.
The problem is that most people don’t like graffiti, and cleaning is expensive. In the United States, for example, graffiti vandalism cost over $4 billion a year.  

Grammar reference:

1.   The modal verbs can, could and most use the name form for all persons.
I can speak French / she can speak Chinese / you must finish your homework tonight / they must finish the housework.
2.   In the affirmative and negative forms, the modal verb is followed by an infinitive without to.
You can’t sit down / you mustn’t eat in class.
3.   In the interrogative, we invent the order of the subject and the modal verb.
Can I go to the bathroom, please? / Yes, you can.


Unit 5 Traditional stories


Little red riding hood


Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived on the edge of a big forest. One day her mother said to her, “you grandmother is ill, and you must take her his basket of fruits. Now listen, you must go…”
“I know, I know,” interrupted the little girl, “I must go straight to grandmother’s house, and I mustn’t stop, and I mustn’t talk to any wolves.  
“Good girl,” said her mother.
“Traditional stories often contain important messages for contemporary society,” said the little girl, and set off whit the basket of fruit to the grandmother’s house. When she was in the middle of the forest, a wolf jumped out from behind a tree.  
 “Excuse me, but I have to go straight to my grandmother’s house,” said the little girl, “and I mustn’t talk to0 you. Goodbye”.
“Goodbye,” said the wolf, and he ate the little girl up. Then he had the fruit for dessert.
Moral: nowadays wolves prefer a balanced diet   

Grammar reference:

1.   Remember that the modal verb must has the same form for all persons. It is always followed by an infinitive without to.
You mustn’t talk. / You must read a lot.
2.   In interrogative sentences we invert the order of the subject and the modal verb must.
Must we get up early tomorrow?
3.   In short answers we only use the nodal verb and not the main verb.
Must you help your family at home? / Yes I must
4.   We form this verb structure whit the verb to have + to + infinitive.
He has to sweep the floor.


                            Unit 6 Animals


Bob, Jim and the lion

Jim and bob were in Africa. Jim wanted to learn about the animals of Africa; Bob was an expert.
“I’m an expert on Africa,” he told Jim. “You need years of experience to understand the animals of Africa”.
First bob explained about insects and mosquitoes. Then he explained about crocodiles and hippopotamuses. Next he explained about the elephants and giraffes. Finally he explained about lions. “Lions are very fast,” he told Jim.  “They are very fast runners. You can never escape from a lion by running.”
Bob and Jimi went in to jungle for a practical lesson. Suddenly an enormous lion appeared. Jim started to run. He ran and ran.
“Stop!” shouted Bob. “STOP! Lions are very fast runners. You can never escape from a lion by run – AAAaaa-aaagh!”
  “I’m a fast runner,” said the lion, eating the expert, “but I only run when it’s absolutely necessary.”
 Moral: in some respects, lions are very human. 


Grammar reference:

1.   We form the past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the infinitive.
I played hockey yesterday.
2.   To form the negative, we add the auxiliary verb did + not (didn’t) before the main verb.
3.   In short answers, we only repeat the auxiliary did.
Did you watch TV last night? / Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t



                            Unit 7 On stage

Beatlemania

When the Beatles first arrived in America on February 7, 1964, thousands of fans were waiting for them at New York’s john F. Kennedy International Airport. Limousines took them to the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan; outside the hotel, thousand more people were singing Beatles songs. The Beatles were staying on the twelve floor; teenage girls started to climb the fire escape to see them. On February 9, when the Beatles appeared on American television, 73 million people were watching. The Beatles sang “ALL MY LOVING,” “I SAW HER STANDING THERE,” and “I WANT TO HOLD YOUR HAND.” THEY SNAG “SHE LOVES YOU,” and America loved them, too.  

Grammar reference:

1.   We use the past continuous to describe an action that was in progress around on particular time in the past.
I was studying yesterday / we were eating in a Japanese restaurant last night.
2.   We usually form the verb to be + born in the pas simple.
Elvis Presley was born in 1935 / the Beatles weren´t born in Spain.   



                         Unit 8 The future

Can you imagine the world in 2050? Will it be better or worse than the world now? Futurologist Jane hill thinks it will be better: “I’m optimism and I thing that life is going to live to be very good by 2050. People are going to live to de 110 or even 120 years old and there won’t be any cancers”.
But…is all this realy possible? “sure,” says hill, “the future is ollready here. Tomorrow, for example, I’m buying solar panels for my house. Solar energy is the best energy.” One thing is certain: the world is changing and the future is going to be very, very exciting.
Grammar reference:

1.   Comparative and superlative adjectives compare two or more people, animals or things.

2.   We use comparative adjectives to compare two people, animals or things.
New York is bigger than Madrid. / Sally is more beautiful than Pat.
3.   We use superlative adjectives to compare more than two people, animals or animals.
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. / January is the coldest month of the year.
  






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