Unit 1 Global english
We use words to communicate information and intentions, ideas and
emotions. And in today’s world, the words that we need are often English words.
The English language contains
approximately 5000,000 words. The vast majority is very rare: we almost never
use them. The common words of English are very important, however. The first
ten words in the frequency list are: the, of, and, on, in, to, is, I, it, and
for. In fact, 25% of writing and speaking in English consist of these ten words.
We use them every day- again and again.
English take words from many languages: chocolate, potato and tomato
come from indigenous American languages, pajamas and shampoo are of Indian
origin, boomerang comes from aboriginal Australian word, tea is Chinese and
etcetera is Latin. English gives words to many languages too: corner and penalty,
compact disc and e-mail, ticket and stop.
It is not necessary to go to the USA or Britain to learn English because
English is all around you: in books and newspaper, on television and DVDs, in
pop music and on the internet, in the street and in this book.
Unit 2 Geography
Unit 4 Talents
Grammar reference:
Grammar reference:
Grammar reference:
1. We use the past continuous to describe an action that was in progress around on particular time in the past.
Can you imagine the world in 2050? Will it be better or worse than the world now? Futurologist Jane hill thinks it will be better: “I’m optimism and I thing that life is going to live to be very good by 2050. People are going to live to de 110 or even 120 years old and there won’t be any cancers”.
Grammar reference:
- In the negative, we always place not after the verb, never before.
- In short answers, we only repeat the auxiliary do or does, not the main verb. Do you like tea? Yes, I do / no, I don’t
- The adverb never is
always accompanied by a verb in the affirmative. We
never get up early / We
don’t not neverget up early - We often use object pronouns after prepositions.My grandfather lives whit us / this letter is not for you
Unit 2 Geography
Grammar reference:
1. We form the present continuous to describe verb to be + the main verb
ending in-ing.
I’m studying to pass my exams / I’m having breakfast.
2. We use the present continuous
to describe actions that are taking place while we are talking.
What are you doing? / I’m doing my
homework. / Where is your sister? / She’s
studying in the library.
3. We use the present simple for
repeated actions that are habitual or routine.
Jon cleans his room every day
4. We use the present continuous
to describe actions that are taking place at the moment of speaking.
Jon is cleaning his room now
5. We don’t use the verbs like,
hate, know and understand in the present continuous
I like this ice cream / I’m liking this
ice cream.
6. Interrogative forms, or
wh-questions, use the interrogative pronouns who, what, which, whose, when, where,
why and how to form questions.
Unit 3 Advertising
How many advertisements are
there on television every day? How many advertisements do you see every day,
not only in television but in the street, in the newspaper, on the internet?
Advertising is an important industry.
Lots of writes and artist work
in advertising agencies, creating new advertisements. A good advertisement informs
and persuades people. It says a lot in a few words: “a dog is for life, not
just for Christmas”, “we all adore a kia-ora”, and “good coffee is like friendship:
rich and warm and strong” are good examples.
Publicity artist and writers
are imaginative, creative and competitive people. They have a good sense of
humor and a lot of energy.
Grammar reference:
Grammar reference:
Countable nouns are things that you can count. They have singular and
plural forms.
A bottle, an apple,
an egg / one bottle, two apples.
Uncountable nouns are things that you cannot count. They don’t have a
plural form.
Meat, milk, water / one
meat, two meats, three waters
With uncountable nouns we use some in the affirmative and any in the
negative and interrogative.
There was some fruit in the fridge. / There wasn’t
any fish in the bridge. / was there any sugar in the bag?
We use much / many, a lot of / lots of, a little / little, a few / few
to answer questions about quantify.
Unit 4 Talents
Graffiti
is a form of expression, but it is also a crime.
Using
special pens and sprays, graffiti artist paint and write in buildings, in tunnels
and shopping malls, on subways trains and buses… sometimes they write messages;
often they paint elaborate pictures. About 95% of graffiti artist are boys and
young men aged between twelve and twenty-five, and for many of them graffiti is
a form of rebellion. Society says, “You can’t do that on public property”; “yes,
we can”, they reply.
The problem
is that most people don’t like graffiti, and cleaning is expensive. In the United
States, for example, graffiti vandalism cost over $4 billion a year.
Grammar reference:
1. The modal
verbs can, could and most use the name form for all persons.
I can speak French / she can speak Chinese / you must finish your homework tonight /
they must finish the housework.
2. In the affirmative and negative forms, the modal
verb is followed by an infinitive without to.
You can’t sit down / you mustn’t eat in class.
3. In the interrogative, we invent the order of the
subject and the modal verb.
Can I go to the bathroom, please? / Yes, you can.
Unit 5 Traditional stories
Little red riding hood
Once upon a time there was a little girl who lived on the edge of a big
forest. One day her mother said to her, “you grandmother is ill, and you must
take her his basket of fruits. Now listen, you must go…”
“I know, I know,” interrupted the little girl, “I must go straight to
grandmother’s house, and I mustn’t stop, and I mustn’t talk to any wolves.
“Good girl,” said her mother.
“Traditional stories often contain important messages for contemporary
society,” said the little girl, and set off whit the basket of fruit to the
grandmother’s house. When she was in the middle of the forest, a wolf jumped
out from behind a tree.
“Excuse me, but I have to go
straight to my grandmother’s house,” said the little girl, “and I mustn’t talk
to0 you. Goodbye”.
“Goodbye,” said the wolf, and he ate the little girl up. Then he had the
fruit for dessert.
Moral: nowadays wolves prefer a balanced diet
1. Remember that the modal verb must has the same form for all persons. It is
always followed by an infinitive without to.
You mustn’t talk. / You must read a lot.
2. In interrogative sentences we
invert the order of the subject and the modal verb must.
Must we
get up early tomorrow?
3. In short answers we only use
the nodal verb and not the main verb.
Must you
help your family at home? / Yes I must
4. We form this verb structure
whit the verb to have + to + infinitive.
He has to sweep the floor.
Unit 6 Animals
Bob, Jim and the lion
Jim and bob were in Africa. Jim wanted to learn about the animals of Africa;
Bob was an expert.
“I’m an expert on Africa,” he told Jim. “You need years of experience to
understand the animals of Africa”.
First bob explained about insects and mosquitoes. Then he explained
about crocodiles and hippopotamuses. Next he explained about the elephants and
giraffes. Finally he explained about lions. “Lions are very fast,” he told Jim.
“They are very fast runners. You can
never escape from a lion by running.”
Bob and Jimi went in to jungle for a practical lesson. Suddenly an
enormous lion appeared. Jim started to run. He ran and ran.
“Stop!” shouted Bob. “STOP! Lions are very fast runners. You can never
escape from a lion by run – AAAaaa-aaagh!”
“I’m a fast runner,” said the lion, eating the
expert, “but I only run when it’s absolutely necessary.”
Moral: in some respects, lions
are very human.
Grammar reference:
1. We form the past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the
infinitive.
I played hockey yesterday.
2. To form the negative, we add the auxiliary verb did + not (didn’t)
before the main verb.
3. In short answers, we only repeat the auxiliary did.
Did you
watch TV last night? / Yes, I did. /
No, I didn’t
Unit 7 On stage
Beatlemania
When the Beatles first arrived
in America on February 7, 1964, thousands of fans were waiting for them at New
York’s john F. Kennedy International Airport. Limousines took them to the Plaza
Hotel in Manhattan; outside the hotel, thousand more people were singing Beatles
songs. The Beatles were staying on the twelve floor; teenage girls started to
climb the fire escape to see them. On February 9, when the Beatles appeared on American
television, 73 million people were watching. The Beatles sang “ALL MY LOVING,” “I
SAW HER STANDING THERE,” and “I WANT TO HOLD YOUR HAND.” THEY SNAG “SHE LOVES
YOU,” and America loved them, too.
Grammar reference:
1. We use the past continuous to describe an action that was in progress around on particular time in the past.
I was studying yesterday / we were eating in a Japanese restaurant last night.
2. We usually form the verb to be + born in the pas simple.
Elvis Presley was born in 1935 / the Beatles weren´t born in Spain.
Unit 8 The future
Can you imagine the world in 2050? Will it be better or worse than the world now? Futurologist Jane hill thinks it will be better: “I’m optimism and I thing that life is going to live to be very good by 2050. People are going to live to de 110 or even 120 years old and there won’t be any cancers”.
But…is all this realy possible? “sure,” says hill, “the future is
ollready here. Tomorrow, for example, I’m buying solar panels for my house. Solar
energy is the best energy.” One thing is certain: the world is changing and the
future is going to be very, very exciting.
Grammar reference:
1. Comparative and superlative
adjectives compare two or more people, animals or things.
2. We use comparative adjectives
to compare two people, animals or things.
New York is bigger than Madrid. / Sally is more
beautiful than Pat.
3. We use superlative adjectives
to compare more than two people, animals or animals.
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. / January
is the coldest month of the year.
